chemistry of natural products

Nature Materials Chemistry

A. DEFINITIONS, EXAMPLES AND NATURAL RESOURCE MATERIALS
        Natural materials are compounds or components that are formed naturally by organisms and microorganisms, plants and animals. For example: capsesein of chili, nicotine from tobacco, and genestein from soybeans.

B. ROLE OF NATURAL MATERIALS
        For producing organisms:
a) For a defense mechanism
b) Growth hormone (auxin, gibberellins)
c) Reproduction
d) Competition (alelopati)
        For other organisms:
a) plant protection (pesticides, herbicides)
b) Supporting the growth (auxin, gibberellins)
c) Treatment (hepatoprotektan, antivirus)

C. GROUPS OF COMPOUNDS OF NATURAL MATERIALS
     Based on the general structure: steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, protein, carotenoids, phenols, lipids, etc.
     Based on the solubility: soluble in water, soluble in polar organic solvents, soluble in non-polar organic solvents.

D. KEMOTAKSONOMI
     It is the science of plant classification. Can be based on morphology. For example: size, leaf shape, location of branches, etc..

E. TEST phytochemical
      Content of a test chemical classes (alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, phenols, etc.) pda plant. The point is to focus on the examination of the secondary metabolites (remember: primary metabolites include carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids)
      Benefits Phytochemical test: gives a quick indication of the presence of certain chemical groups that allegedly contained in the materials. So the test can be used as a preliminary test phytochemicals (eg to test the activity of active components à components are tested qualitative phytochemical test)
Test objects: objects that can be used is the test plant extracts (eg cair2 extracted by separating funnel), the results of fractionation (eg the separation column), examples of plant (powder).

F. Phenolic compounds
      Phenolic compounds have characteristics :
a) an aromatic ring with one OH group
b) tends to dissolve in water
c) It absorbs UV rays à properties can be used to detect the presence of phenol. Ex: with spectrographs uv
d) Qualitative test with the addition of FeCl3 or Fe (CN) 3menghasilkan green, blue or black
e) Be sensitive to enzymatic reactions
f) The role of the plant
g) à Mengkompleks protein can inhibit the enzyme.

G. GROUP phenolic compounds
   That included phenol groups: flavonoids, phenyl propanoid, phenols and phenolic acids, quinone pigments.

H. ROLE IN PLANT phenolic compounds
a) part or tissue constituent
b) Pigments: anthocyanin
c) ZPT
d) metabolism (photosynthesis and respiration: ubikuinon)
e) Defensive (coumarin, furanokumarin, tannins, flavonal (UV)
f) Alelopati (kafeat acid, ferulic acid)
g) Fitoaleksin (isoflavones)